- Cuando utilizamos el verbo like seguido de un verbo que expresa movimiento o sentimiento,
se utiliza la forma infinitiva de dicho verbo.
Ej.: I like walking / I like running / I like loving.
- Las profesiones en singular siempre van precedidas del articulo a/ an.
Ej. I ´m a doctor / I´m an engineer
- Las frases negativas e interrogativas siempre deben de ir con el verbo auxiliar (Aux, Sub, Inf)
Ej.: I don´t have a car/ He isn´t tall/ Do you want? / Are you at Madrid?
Ej.: I don´t have a car/ He isn´t tall/ Do you want? / Are you at Madrid?
- Trekking / Hiking es hacer montañismo, senderismo. Cuando el verbo principal hace referencia
a movimiento entonces la palabra a la que hace referencia debe de terminar en ing
Ej: to go trekking / to go hiking / to go shopping / to go clubbing/ to go dancing
Excepto cuando va seguido de la preposición for
Ej.: to go out for lunch / to go out for dinner / to go for a drink
a movimiento entonces la palabra a la que hace referencia debe de terminar en ing
Ej: to go trekking / to go hiking / to go shopping / to go clubbing/ to go dancing
Excepto cuando va seguido de la preposición for
Ej.: to go out for lunch / to go out for dinner / to go for a drink
- Los días de la semana, meses, estaciones del tiempo, ciudades, lenguajes siempre comienzan
por mayúscula. Ej. Friday, January, Spring, London, British.
por mayúscula. Ej. Friday, January, Spring, London, British.
- La edad siempre es con el verbo TO BE y la palabra Year seguida de OLD. Ej.:I'm 25 years old
- Los adverbios de frecuencia siempre van antes del verbo principal. Ej: I usually read a book.
- Cuando una palabra singular termina en Y, el plural se transforma en ies. Ej.: hobby / hobbies
FAMILY´S MEMBERS
mother/mum= madre (madar/mam) / father/dad= padre (fadar/dad) / children= chicos (chail)/daughter= hija (dota) / son= hijo (san)/ brother= hermano (brodar) / nephew= sobrino (nefiu)/ niece= sobrina (nis) / aunt= tia (aant)/ uncle= tio (ankol)/ cousin= primo, prima (casen)/ grandparents= abuelos (granparens)/ grandfather= abuelo (granfadar)/ great grandfather= bisabuelo (gritgranfadar) great grandson= bisnieto
mother/mum= madre (madar/mam) / father/dad= padre (fadar/dad) / children= chicos (chail)/daughter= hija (dota) / son= hijo (san)/ brother= hermano (brodar) / nephew= sobrino (nefiu)/ niece= sobrina (nis) / aunt= tia (aant)/ uncle= tio (ankol)/ cousin= primo, prima (casen)/ grandparents= abuelos (granparens)/ grandfather= abuelo (granfadar)/ great grandfather= bisabuelo (gritgranfadar) great grandson= bisnieto
- Norma de la 3 persona singular he, she, it
Infinitivo termina en consonante menos H a la tercera persona se le añade- S
Ej.: work - works
Infinitivo termina en consonante mas Y a la tercera persona se le añade- IES
Ej: study - studies
Infinitivo termina en SH, CH, S, X a la tercera persona se le añade- ES
Ej: finish - finishes
Infinitivo GO/DO a la tercera persona CAMBIA- DOES- GOES
Ej.: He goes - she goes -it goes / he does - she does - it does
Infinitivo HAVE a la tercera persona CAMBIA- HAS
Ej.: He has a car
Infinitivo termina en consonante menos H a la tercera persona se le añade- S
Ej.: work - works
Infinitivo termina en consonante mas Y a la tercera persona se le añade- IES
Ej: study - studies
Infinitivo termina en SH, CH, S, X a la tercera persona se le añade- ES
Ej: finish - finishes
Infinitivo GO/DO a la tercera persona CAMBIA- DOES- GOES
Ej.: He goes - she goes -it goes / he does - she does - it does
Infinitivo HAVE a la tercera persona CAMBIA- HAS
Ej.: He has a car
- Adverbios y expresiones de frequencia
Se utiliza el presente simple con los adverbios de frecuencia
(always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never)
y con las expresiones de frecuencia (every day, once a week, every year, etc,)
Los adverbios de frecuencia van antes del verbo principal.
Ej.: We often go out on Friday night.
después del verbo TO BE.
Ej.: She is never ill / She's never ill.
Con el adverbio NEVER siempre se usa la forma positiva del verbo. Ej: It never rains
Las expresiones de frecuencia (every day, once a week, etc) van al final de la frase.
Ej.: She gets up early every day / We have English classes twice a week.
Se utiliza el presente simple con los adverbios de frecuencia
(always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never)
y con las expresiones de frecuencia (every day, once a week, every year, etc,)
Los adverbios de frecuencia van antes del verbo principal.
Ej.: We often go out on Friday night.
después del verbo TO BE.
Ej.: She is never ill / She's never ill.
Con el adverbio NEVER siempre se usa la forma positiva del verbo. Ej: It never rains
Las expresiones de frecuencia (every day, once a week, etc) van al final de la frase.
Ej.: She gets up early every day / We have English classes twice a week.
- woman= pretty (bonito) para referirse a cosas y chicas
- men= handsome (atractivo, guapo) solo referido a chicos
- woman & men = attractive, good looking
- there │ is a lot of │ chemistry between X and Y
│ isn't any │
│ something│ to│have │ a │good │ first impression
- to have │ a lot │ in common │give │ │bad │
│nothing │
- at last!= por fin
- TO RELAX : I relax/ you relax / he - she -it relaxes/ we relax/ you relax/ they relax
* STUDENT´S BOOK Pag. 7. 5 PRONUNCIATION
a) - La pronunciación final cuando los verbos y los sustantivos terminan en -s / -es
- la terminación -s se pronuncia como (s) o (z). La diferencia es mínima
- la terminación - es se pronuncia (is) después de CH, C, G, SH, S, Z, X.
b) verbs: chooses/ cooks/ goes/ lives/ stops/ teaches
nouns: boys/ classes/ dates/ friends/ languages/ parents
- men= handsome (atractivo, guapo) solo referido a chicos
- woman & men = attractive, good looking
- there │ is a lot of │ chemistry between X and Y
│ isn't any │
│ something│ to│have │ a │good │ first impression
- to have │ a lot │ in common │give │ │bad │
│nothing │
- at last!= por fin
- TO RELAX : I relax/ you relax / he - she -it relaxes/ we relax/ you relax/ they relax
* STUDENT´S BOOK Pag. 7. 5 PRONUNCIATION
a) - La pronunciación final cuando los verbos y los sustantivos terminan en -s / -es
- la terminación -s se pronuncia como (s) o (z). La diferencia es mínima
- la terminación - es se pronuncia (is) después de CH, C, G, SH, S, Z, X.
b) verbs: chooses/ cooks/ goes/ lives/ stops/ teaches
nouns: boys/ classes/ dates/ friends/ languages/ parents
Whose..? possessive 's
- Usamos la forma 's del posesivo cuando nos referimos a la familia o posesiones de una persona
- Usamos la forma 's del posesivo cuando nos referimos a la familia o posesiones de una persona
4B Prepositions: (at, in, on, to)
Cuando hace referencia a Tiempo o espacios de Tiempo
- Usamos la preposición IN para las partes del dia, las temporadas del año, con los meses y años
Ej.: in the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening/ in the summer/ in December/ in 2015
- Utilizamos la preposición ON para referirnos a los dias de la semana y las fechas
Ej.: on Monday/ on Tuesday/ on Tuesday morning/ on 1 January
- Usamos la preposición AT para referirnos a horas del dia, a la noche, fin de semana y Fiestas
Ej.: at three o'clock/ at midday/ at midnight/ at lunchtime/ at the night/ at the weekend/ at Christmas
Cuando hace referencia a movimiento y lugar
- Usamos TO para movimiento o dirección Ej.: She goes to the gym NO she goes at the gym
- Utilizamos AT y IN para referirnos a posición Ej: he studies at university / he lives in Bilbao
- Se utiliza siempre at cuando nos referimos a work, home, school, university
Ej.: He has lunch at work/ she goes at home/ I study at univesity/ they are at school
- Se utiliza IN con los demás lugares. Ej.: I live in a flat, he is in the office, she study in her room
- Se puede utilizar ambas preposiciones IN o AT cuando nos referimos a lugares públicos
Ej.: On Saturdays he usually has lunch in/at a restaurant
Cuando hace referencia a Tiempo o espacios de Tiempo
- Usamos la preposición IN para las partes del dia, las temporadas del año, con los meses y años
Ej.: in the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening/ in the summer/ in December/ in 2015
- Utilizamos la preposición ON para referirnos a los dias de la semana y las fechas
Ej.: on Monday/ on Tuesday/ on Tuesday morning/ on 1 January
- Usamos la preposición AT para referirnos a horas del dia, a la noche, fin de semana y Fiestas
Ej.: at three o'clock/ at midday/ at midnight/ at lunchtime/ at the night/ at the weekend/ at Christmas
Cuando hace referencia a movimiento y lugar
- Usamos TO para movimiento o dirección Ej.: She goes to the gym NO she goes at the gym
- Utilizamos AT y IN para referirnos a posición Ej: he studies at university / he lives in Bilbao
- Se utiliza siempre at cuando nos referimos a work, home, school, university
Ej.: He has lunch at work/ she goes at home/ I study at univesity/ they are at school
- Se utiliza IN con los demás lugares. Ej.: I live in a flat, he is in the office, she study in her room
- Se puede utilizar ambas preposiciones IN o AT cuando nos referimos a lugares públicos
Ej.: On Saturdays he usually has lunch in/at a restaurant
4C Adverbs and expressions of frequency
- Utilizamos los adverbios de frecuencia para decir cada cuanto hacemos algo
Ej.: I always have toast for breakfast
- Los adverbios de frecuencia van ANTES que el verbo principal, excepto con el verbo TO BE.
Ej.: She hardly ever watches TV / He is never stressed
- Siempre se utiliza la forma positiva del verbo con los adverbios NEVER y HARDLY EVER
Ej.: He never smokes NO He doesn´t never smoke
He hardly ever read NO he doesn´t hardly ever read
- En la forma negativa los adverbios de frecuencia van entre el auxiliar y el verbo
Ej.: I don't always read a book / He doesn't usually listen to radio
- En la forma interrogativa los adverbios de frecuencia van entre el sujeto y el verbo principal
Ej.: Do you usually go to work by bus?
- Las expresiones de frecuencia van generalmente al final de la frase o de la frase verbal
Ej.: I have English classes twice a week / She doesn't work every day
- Utilizamos los adverbios de frecuencia para decir cada cuanto hacemos algo
Ej.: I always have toast for breakfast
- Los adverbios de frecuencia van ANTES que el verbo principal, excepto con el verbo TO BE.
Ej.: She hardly ever watches TV / He is never stressed
- Siempre se utiliza la forma positiva del verbo con los adverbios NEVER y HARDLY EVER
Ej.: He never smokes NO He doesn´t never smoke
He hardly ever read NO he doesn´t hardly ever read
- En la forma negativa los adverbios de frecuencia van entre el auxiliar y el verbo
Ej.: I don't always read a book / He doesn't usually listen to radio
- En la forma interrogativa los adverbios de frecuencia van entre el sujeto y el verbo principal
Ej.: Do you usually go to work by bus?
- Las expresiones de frecuencia van generalmente al final de la frase o de la frase verbal
Ej.: I have English classes twice a week / She doesn't work every day
- to be right - tener razón, estar correcto
to be wrong - estar equivocado, estar incorrecto
Ej.: Is it right to say ----- I have 20 years? ----- No, it's wrong
correcto incorrecto
- people es plural no se puede decir much people, siempre ANY PEOPLE
- Countable and uncontable nouns
Nos referimos a nouns countable cuando se pueden contar y numerar (1,2,3...)
Ej.: one car, two car, three car...
y uncountable nouns cuando no se pueden contar y numerar (1.2.3....)
Ej.: money no podemos decir 1 money, 2 money, 3 money
Algunas palabras pueden ser countables y uncountables según el contexto al que se refieren
Ej.: coffee How much coffee do you drink? / How many cups of coffee do you drink?
Cuando nos referimos a palabra uncountable siempre MUCH
se puede sustituir por A LOT OF
countable siempre MANY
- diferencias de la palabra live
live (liv) ---- verbo ---- they live in Bilbao
live (laiv)---- adjetivo ---- there´s a live concert
se escribe igual pero su pronunciación cambia según sea verbo o adjetivo
- los números y el plural
50 million 50 millions millions (people)
50 hundred NUNCA 50 hundreds CORRECTO hundreds (people)
50 thousand 50 thousands thousands (people)
Sin un número que haga referencia SI correcto hacer el plural (millions, hundreds, thousands)
- Diferente pronunciación terminación -ow
now (nau) / know (nou) / how (jau)
- Relación de las preposiciones IN - ON con referencia a la fecha
IN 2016 / IN November / IN November, 2016 -- años / meses / meses junto con año siempre IN
ON Noviembre 11th, 2016 -- cuando se menciona el dia del mes siempre ON
- la forma posesiva
El poseedor del objeto o su relación familiar es el que va acompañado de apostrofe ( ' )
Ej.:-The teacher has some students they are very young
Poseedor el teacher es el que tiene, students es lo que posee.
Traducción: el profesor tiene algunos estudiantes, ellos son muy jovenes
The teacher´s students are very young
poseedor lo que posee
- The students have a teacher, she's very old
Poseedor los students son los que tienen, teacher es lo que poseen
Traducción: Los estudiantes tienen un profesor, ella es muy vieja
The student´s teacher is very old
poseedor lo que posee
- Where are the students' teacher's? INCORRECTO nunca puede terminar una frase con 's
el orden del posesivo está cambiado
Where are the teacher's students? CORRECTO
to be wrong - estar equivocado, estar incorrecto
Ej.: Is it right to say ----- I have 20 years? ----- No, it's wrong
correcto incorrecto
- people es plural no se puede decir much people, siempre ANY PEOPLE
- Countable and uncontable nouns
Nos referimos a nouns countable cuando se pueden contar y numerar (1,2,3...)
Ej.: one car, two car, three car...
y uncountable nouns cuando no se pueden contar y numerar (1.2.3....)
Ej.: money no podemos decir 1 money, 2 money, 3 money
Algunas palabras pueden ser countables y uncountables según el contexto al que se refieren
Ej.: coffee How much coffee do you drink? / How many cups of coffee do you drink?
Cuando nos referimos a palabra uncountable siempre MUCH
se puede sustituir por A LOT OF
countable siempre MANY
- diferencias de la palabra live
live (liv) ---- verbo ---- they live in Bilbao
live (laiv)---- adjetivo ---- there´s a live concert
se escribe igual pero su pronunciación cambia según sea verbo o adjetivo
- los números y el plural
50 million 50 millions millions (people)
50 hundred NUNCA 50 hundreds CORRECTO hundreds (people)
50 thousand 50 thousands thousands (people)
Sin un número que haga referencia SI correcto hacer el plural (millions, hundreds, thousands)
- Diferente pronunciación terminación -ow
now (nau) / know (nou) / how (jau)
- Relación de las preposiciones IN - ON con referencia a la fecha
IN 2016 / IN November / IN November, 2016 -- años / meses / meses junto con año siempre IN
ON Noviembre 11th, 2016 -- cuando se menciona el dia del mes siempre ON
- la forma posesiva
El poseedor del objeto o su relación familiar es el que va acompañado de apostrofe ( ' )
Ej.:-The teacher has some students they are very young
Poseedor el teacher es el que tiene, students es lo que posee.
Traducción: el profesor tiene algunos estudiantes, ellos son muy jovenes
The teacher´s students are very young
poseedor lo que posee
- The students have a teacher, she's very old
Poseedor los students son los que tienen, teacher es lo que poseen
Traducción: Los estudiantes tienen un profesor, ella es muy vieja
The student´s teacher is very old
poseedor lo que posee
- Where are the students' teacher's? INCORRECTO nunca puede terminar una frase con 's
el orden del posesivo está cambiado
Where are the teacher's students? CORRECTO
- Clothes (ropa/s) es plural pero no tiene equivalente singular,
valiendo lo mismo para una ropa, o varias ropas.
- La ropa se puede
to wear clothes/ to buy clothes/ to try clothes/ to put on some clothes = to put some clothes on
to take off some clothes = to take some clothes off
valiendo lo mismo para una ropa, o varias ropas.
- La ropa se puede
to wear clothes/ to buy clothes/ to try clothes/ to put on some clothes = to put some clothes on
to take off some clothes = to take some clothes off
- Se utiliza siempre "a/an" con los sustantivos contables y en su forma singular
Ej.: a shirt/ a pair of jeans/ a skirt. NUNCA a jeans/ a trousers/ a shorts
- To BE + POSSESIVE ADJETIVE + OWN
Ej.: I was on my own when I saw that film ------ I went to the cinema alone/ on my own
- To CHAT hace referencia a una charla sin importancia, banal
Ej.: a shirt/ a pair of jeans/ a skirt. NUNCA a jeans/ a trousers/ a shorts
- To BE + POSSESIVE ADJETIVE + OWN
Ej.: I was on my own when I saw that film ------ I went to the cinema alone/ on my own
- To CHAT hace referencia a una charla sin importancia, banal
- theater (ziétér) ------- a play (ver una obra de teatro)
film (film) ------- a see (ver una pelicula)
- an actor play a role, a part ----- un actor interpreta, juega un papel en una obra
- el verbo to marry, en pasado married. El verbo en español es reflexivo, en inglés NO
Ej.: (esp) yo me casé con Anna --- (Eng) he married Anna NUNCA he marriedwith Anna
- Cuando hacemos una descripción SIEMPRE usaremos el PRESENT CONTINUOUS
film (film) ------- a see (ver una pelicula)
- an actor play a role, a part ----- un actor interpreta, juega un papel en una obra
- el verbo to marry, en pasado married. El verbo en español es reflexivo, en inglés NO
Ej.: (esp) yo me casé con Anna --- (Eng) he married Anna NUNCA he married
- Cuando hacemos una descripción SIEMPRE usaremos el PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- behind x in front of / on the left x on the right
- Describiendo un cuadro, una pintura o una foto
- There is / There are para decir que es lo que hay en el cuadro Ej.: There is a table and a vase
- Se utiliza siempre el PRESENT CONTINUOUS para decir lo que los personajes hacen
Ej.: The woman is standing and the man is sitting
- Algunas veces combinamos THERE IS y el PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Ej.: There is a woman standing near the window
- There is / There are para decir que es lo que hay en el cuadro Ej.: There is a table and a vase
- Se utiliza siempre el PRESENT CONTINUOUS para decir lo que los personajes hacen
Ej.: The woman is standing and the man is sitting
- Algunas veces combinamos THERE IS y el PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Ej.: There is a woman standing near the window
- to be pregnant = expecting a baby. Ej.: I'm pregnant = I'm expecting a baby
- Celia es la abreviatura de Cecilia
- TO GET MARRIED / TO GET DIVORCED NUNCA lleva preposición de, con
Ej.: Cinderella got married Mrs Clark got divorced
married Prince divorced Mr. Clark
Importante GET representa el cambio de situación social de la persona
- Parece físicamente look like. Ej.: What does she look like?
- Como es la personalidad de alguien like. Ej.: What's she like?
- Celia es la abreviatura de Cecilia
- TO GET MARRIED / TO GET DIVORCED NUNCA lleva preposición de, con
Ej.: Cinderella got married Mrs Clark got divorced
married Prince divorced Mr. Clark
Importante GET representa el cambio de situación social de la persona
- Parece físicamente look like. Ej.: What does she look like?
- Como es la personalidad de alguien like. Ej.: What's she like?
- Caracteres ortográficos:
":" colon (coulon)/ ";" semi-colon (semi'coulon)/ "," comma (koma)/ "." full stop (fu stop)/
".]" another paragraph,new paragraph(a´n^öer pæragra:f, nju pæragra:f)/"-" hyphen (haifen)
- Diferencia en una carta entre Dear Peter,--- estimado, querido, presentación formal e informal
Hi, Peter --- hola, presentación informal
- Diferencias entre year --- cuando es adjetivo siempre singular
Ej.: I'm 26 year old woman
years--- cuando es sustantivo es singular uno y plural varios
Ej.: I'm 26 years old
- En inglés NO se puede dividir las palabras en sílabas, no es un idioma fonético, NO SILABICO
Ej.:ci-nema / cinema
":" colon (coulon)/ ";" semi-colon (semi'coulon)/ "," comma (koma)/ "." full stop (fu stop)/
".]" another paragraph,new paragraph(a´n^öer pæragra:f, nju pæragra:f)/"-" hyphen (haifen)
- Diferencia en una carta entre Dear Peter,--- estimado, querido, presentación formal e informal
Hi, Peter --- hola, presentación informal
- Diferencias entre year --- cuando es adjetivo siempre singular
Ej.: I'm 26 year old woman
years--- cuando es sustantivo es singular uno y plural varios
Ej.: I'm 26 years old
- En inglés NO se puede dividir las palabras en sílabas, no es un idioma fonético, NO SILABICO
Ej.:
- NUNCA all people por ser tercera persona del singular SIEMPRE everybody
- case countable/ luggage - baggage uncountable
there's │ one │ one enfatiza que es uno específico, insiste en el número
│ │ child in class
│ a │ a es uno cualquiera, sin especificar, sin señalar
│ │ child in class
│ a │ a es uno cualquiera, sin especificar, sin señalar
- To get │ lost (perderse) │
│ married (casarse) │ Verbo reflexivo
│ divorced (divorciarse) │
- go out for a drink= salir a tomar algo
- is going to get lost= llegar a perderse
- To be looking forward to │ verb+ ing │Ej.: I'm looking forward to hearing from you
│ │ (fórmula de despedida de una carta)
│ │ estoy deseando recibir noticias de ti
│ │
│ noon phrase│Ej.: I'm looking forward to my holidays
estoy deseando tener vacaciones
tengo muchas ganas de tener vacaciones
│ married (casarse) │ Verbo reflexivo
│ divorced (divorciarse) │
- go out for a drink= salir a tomar algo
- is going to get lost= llegar a perderse
- To be looking forward to │ verb+ ing │Ej.: I'm looking forward to hearing from you
│ │ (fórmula de despedida de una carta)
│ │ estoy deseando recibir noticias de ti
│ │
│ noon phrase│Ej.: I'm looking forward to my holidays
estoy deseando tener vacaciones
tengo muchas ganas de tener vacaciones
- Cuando se habla de una cosa en general no se pone el articulo the
Ej.: I like goingthe parties CORRECTO I like going parties
Ej.: I like going
- going out --- se utiliza cuando salimos fuera pero regresamos a casa después de unas horas
going away- se utiliza cuando salimos fuera por un periodo más largo que unas horas
going away- se utiliza cuando salimos fuera por un periodo más largo que unas horas
Cuando nombramos una serie de cosas:
usamos la forma there is si la primera palabra de la lista es singular
there are cuando la primera palabra de la lista es plural
Ej.: In my bedroom there's a bed, two chairs, and a desk
In the living room there are two airmchairs and a sofa
- Generalmente usamos there is/ there are con a-an, some y any
Ej.: there's a book on the desk / There are some pencils in the box
Utilizamos some y any con los sustantivos plurales. some es un número indeterminado
Ej.: there are some books on the desk
Utilizamos some para frases afirmativas o positivas y any en frases interrogativas y negativas
Ej.: There are some books on the desk/ there are any books on the desk?/ Are there any books?
- There is o it is son diferentes, no confundirlo
Ej.: There's a key on the table / It's the key to the kitchen
= There was/ there were es el pasado de there is/ there are
usamos la forma there is si la primera palabra de la lista es singular
there are cuando la primera palabra de la lista es plural
Ej.: In my bedroom there's a bed, two chairs, and a desk
In the living room there are two airmchairs and a sofa
- Generalmente usamos there is/ there are con a-an, some y any
Ej.: there's a book on the desk / There are some pencils in the box
Utilizamos some y any con los sustantivos plurales. some es un número indeterminado
Ej.: there are some books on the desk
Utilizamos some para frases afirmativas o positivas y any en frases interrogativas y negativas
Ej.: There are some books on the desk/ there are any books on the desk?/ Are there any books?
- There is o it is son diferentes, no confundirlo
Ej.: There's a key on the table / It's the key to the kitchen
= There was/ there were es el pasado de there is/ there are
Utilizamos some y any con los sustantivos plurales. some es un número indeterminado
Ej.: there are some books on the desk
Utilizamos some para frases afirmativas o positivas y any en frases interrogativas y negativas
Ej.: There are some books on the desk/ there are any books on the desk?/ Are there any books?
- There is o it is son diferentes, no confundirlo
Ej.: There's a key on the table / It's the key to the kitchen
= There was/ there were es el pasado de there is/ there are
Ej.: there are some books on the desk
Utilizamos some para frases afirmativas o positivas y any en frases interrogativas y negativas
Ej.: There are some books on the desk/ there are any books on the desk?/ Are there any books?
- There is o it is son diferentes, no confundirlo
Ej.: There's a key on the table / It's the key to the kitchen
= There was/ there were es el pasado de there is/ there are
Expresiones para mostrar interés por algo
Positivo: really?/ wow!/ Fantastic!/ Great!
Negativo: Oh no!/ How awful!
Interrogativo: Was it expensive?/ Why?/ What happened?
Positivo: really?/ wow!/ Fantastic!/ Great!
Negativo: Oh no!/ How awful!
Interrogativo: Was it expensive?/ Why?/ What happened?
USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES
atmosphere (ætmèsfiè)= atmósfera/ disaster (di'zas:tè)= desastre/ hostels (hostlz)= hostal/
complain (kem'plein)= quejar/ enjoy (in'dZoi)= disfruta/ flirt (fle:t)= ligar/ view (vju:)= ver/
break up (breik ap)= dividir, separar/ go wrong (gèo roN)= ir mal
feel sorry for somebody ( fi:l 'sorri fo: sanbedi)= sentir pena por alguien
atmosphere (ætmèsfiè)= atmósfera/ disaster (di'zas:tè)= desastre/ hostels (hostlz)= hostal/
complain (kem'plein)= quejar/ enjoy (in'dZoi)= disfruta/ flirt (fle:t)= ligar/ view (vju:)= ver/
break up (breik ap)= dividir, separar/ go wrong (gèo roN)= ir mal
feel sorry for somebody ( fi:l 'sorri fo: sanbedi)= sentir pena por alguien
- Entrar y pasar (go,come)
coming (cam in)= voy hacia... algo/ go out (gou aut)= irse, alejandose
si una persona entra en una estancia y la otra no va a entrar go in
si las dos personas van a entrar en una estancia come in
- leave (liv)= alejar, marcharse o abandonar
to leave (tzu liv)= marcharse
to leave a place (tzu liv e pleidz)= dejar algo en un sitio
coming (cam in)= voy hacia... algo/ go out (gou aut)= irse, alejandose
si una persona entra en una estancia y la otra no va a entrar go in
si las dos personas van a entrar en una estancia come in
- leave (liv)= alejar, marcharse o abandonar
to leave (tzu liv)= marcharse
to leave a place (tzu liv e pleidz)= dejar algo en un sitio
- go inside = go in OPPOSITE go out = go outside
- Los origenes, razas SIEMPRE comienza por MAYUSCULA Spanish, Chinesse, African
- Los origenes, razas SIEMPRE comienza por MAYUSCULA Spanish, Chinesse, African
- Diferencia entre a few / few
A few soldiers A little money [unos pocos soldados / un poco dinero]
few soldiers little money [pocos soldados / poco dinero ] menos que lo que se desea
se esperaba
- Diferencias entre in / at
in hace referencia siempre dentro de un espacio determinado
Ej. I sleep in the room
at hace referencia alrededor de sin estar dentro de un espacio determinado.
Ej. I arrived at school
A few soldiers A little money [unos pocos soldados / un poco dinero]
few soldiers little money [pocos soldados / poco dinero ] menos que lo que se desea
se esperaba
- Diferencias entre in / at
in hace referencia siempre dentro de un espacio determinado
Ej. I sleep in the room
at hace referencia alrededor de sin estar dentro de un espacio determinado.
Ej. I arrived at school
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 153. PREPOSITIONS 1 AT/IN/ON
a) LUGAR TIEMPO
IN paises, ciudades, habitaciones, IN meses, estaciones climáticas, años,
edificios, espacios cerrados partes del dia (excepto por la noche)
ON medios de transporte (excepto coche), ON fechas, dias de la semana
encima, sobre una superficie
AT school, home, work, university, AT horas, periodos festivos,
the airport, a bus stop, a party, fin de semana, por la noche
the door
a) LUGAR TIEMPO
IN paises, ciudades, habitaciones, IN meses, estaciones climáticas, años,
edificios, espacios cerrados partes del dia (excepto por la noche)
ON medios de transporte (excepto coche), ON fechas, dias de la semana
encima, sobre una superficie
AT school, home, work, university, AT horas, periodos festivos,
the airport, a bus stop, a party, fin de semana, por la noche
the door
- stand for se utiliza para explicar el significado de un acrónimo
(palabra que hace referencia a las iniciales de un nombre compuesto).
Ej.: U.S.A. stands for United States of America
I.T. stands for Information Technology
(palabra que hace referencia a las iniciales de un nombre compuesto).
Ej.: U.S.A. stands for United States of America
I.T. stands for Information Technology
- Donde puedes tener una foto...
in an album on the wall by your bed
your wallet a table
your bedroom your phone
│ Noun Phrase - He´s a plumber
│ - is + │ Adjetive - He's a tall
│ │ - ing - He's having a shower
- " 's" │
│ │past participle - He´s lived in Britain for 6 months
│- has+│
│Noun Phrase -He's a car # He has a car
in an album on the wall by your bed
your wallet a table
your bedroom your phone
a frame your computer
- by es sinónimo de near. Ej I have my watch by my bed / I have my watch near of my b
- ANNOTATIONS
- so + consequence. Ej.: I was very tired so I went to be early
│ CONSEQUENCE │
because + reason= cause. Ej.: I went to bed early because I was very tired
│reason of │
although contrast between A and B. Ej Although I was tired, I went dancing
│ A │ │ B │
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 128. 2 C. time sequencers
- Usamos los secuanciadores de tiempo para decir cuando o en que orden ocurren los hechos
- Usamos WHEN como secuenciador de tiempo y también para unir dos acciones o hechos
- Una forma muy utilizada para unir hechos consecutivos es utilizando THEN ó AFTER THAT
Ej. THEN/ AFTER THAT I made a cup of coffee
NO AFTER I made a cup of coffee.
AFTER THAT siempre van juntos no se puede poner solo AFTER
- Utilizamos BECAUSE para expresar una razón por la que ocurre el hecho
Ej.: She was driving fast because she was in a hurry
- Utilizamos SO para expresar el resultado de la acción
Ej.: She was in a hurry, so she was driving fast
- Utilizamos BUT y ALTHOUGH para señalar un contraste de los hechos
Ej.: She tried to stop the car, but she hit the man
Although she tried to stop the car, she hit the man
- ALTHOUGH puede ir al comienzo o en mitad de una frase.
Ej: She couldn't sleep, although she was very tired
- After that - Next day - Next that = referencia a tiempo
La terminación -est en un adjetivo indica superlativo del adjetivo.
Ej. Madrid is biggest city in Spain / Francisco is the tallest man of the group
Adj. Noun Adj. Noun
IMPORTANTE el Adjetivo siempre antes del sustantivo al que identifica
I 'm going yo marry her if I can! = ¡Yo voy a casarme con ella si puedo!
El verbo marry no necesita preposición. INCORRECTO marrywith her
got married = married
verb Adj. verb
Ej.: Brad se casó con Angelina en 2000 = Brat │got married │ to Angelina in 2000
│ married │
Brad y Angelina se casaron en el año 2000 = Brad and Angelina got married in 2000
Ej. Madrid is biggest city in Spain / Francisco is the tallest man of the group
Adj. Noun Adj. Noun
IMPORTANTE el Adjetivo siempre antes del sustantivo al que identifica
I 'm going yo marry her if I can! = ¡Yo voy a casarme con ella si puedo!
El verbo marry no necesita preposición. INCORRECTO marry
got married = married
verb Adj. verb
Ej.: Brad se casó con Angelina en 2000 = Brat │got married │ to Angelina in 2000
│ married │
Brad y Angelina se casaron en el año 2000 = Brad and Angelina got married in 2000
Enjoy verbo transitivo - necesita de objeto directo
Yo quiero que │disfruteis
│ lo paseis bien
I want you all to dance and enjoy yourselves
│ the party = me gustó la fiesta
I enjoyed │ my self at the party = me lo pasé bien en la fiesta
verbo pronom
transitivo reflexivo (objeto directo)
Yo quiero que │disfruteis
│ lo paseis bien
I want you all to dance and enjoy yourselves
│ the party = me gustó la fiesta
I enjoyed │ my self at the party = me lo pasé bien en la fiesta
verbo pronom
transitivo reflexivo (objeto directo)
TIPOS DE PRONOMBRES
a) personal 1- Subject I, you, he, she, it SINGULAR/ we, you, they PLURAL
2- Object me, you, him, her, it SINGULAR/ us you them PLURAL
b) possessive pronoms mine, yours, his, hers, its SINGULAR/ ours, yours, theirs PLURAL
adjetives my, your, his, her, its SINGULAR/ our, your, their PLURAL
c) relexive myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself SINGULAR
ourselves, yourselves, themselves PLURAL
a) personal 1- Subject I, you, he, she, it SINGULAR/ we, you, they PLURAL
2- Object me, you, him, her, it SINGULAR/ us you them PLURAL
b) possessive pronoms mine, yours, his, hers, its SINGULAR/ ours, yours, theirs PLURAL
adjetives my, your, his, her, its SINGULAR/ our, your, their PLURAL
c) relexive myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself SINGULAR
ourselves, yourselves, themselves PLURAL
decided to + verbo = decidir + la acción del verbo
Acentuación fonética en palabras de dos sílabas:
La gran mayoria de las palabras de dos sílabas se acentúan fonéticamente en la primera sílaba.
Muchos de los sustantivos y adjetivos son acentuados en la primera sílaba.
Ej.: mo│ther, ha│ppy
Muchos verbos, preposiciones y conectores se acntúan en la segunda sílaba
Ej.: a│rrive be│hind be│fore
To enjoy + reflexive pronoun │good │
to have a │wonderful │ time
│great │
cross (verbo) = cruzar across (preposición) = al otro lado, a través de, tras
Ej.: You cross the road / You go across the road
│ │ │
verb verb preposition
La gran mayoria de las palabras de dos sílabas se acentúan fonéticamente en la primera sílaba.
Muchos de los sustantivos y adjetivos son acentuados en la primera sílaba.
Ej.: mo│ther, ha│ppy
Muchos verbos, preposiciones y conectores se acntúan en la segunda sílaba
Ej.: a│rrive be│hind be│fore
To enjoy + reflexive pronoun │good │
to have a │wonderful │ time
│great │
cross (verbo) = cruzar across (preposición) = al otro lado, a través de, tras
Ej.: You cross the road / You go across the road
│ │ │
verb verb preposition
this= esto / this one= este (algo concreto)
on holiday Cuando holiday va precedido de la preposición on SIEMPRE ES SINGULAR
my holidays SI TERMINA EN PLURAL
remember= recordar ( yo ) solo se utiliza acompañado de objeto directo
remind= recordar ( a mi) se utiliza siempre acompañado de objeto indirecto
Ej.: el recuerda los ejercicios que hicimos = He remembers the exercises that we did
│ │
Objeto directo Objeto directo
el me recuerda los ejercicios que hicimos = He reminds me of the exercises that we did
│ │ │ │
objeto indirecto objeto directo objeto indirecto objeto directo
ella me recuerda a su hermana │ she remembers her sister
my holidays SI TERMINA EN PLURAL
remember= recordar ( yo ) solo se utiliza acompañado de objeto directo
remind= recordar ( a mi) se utiliza siempre acompañado de objeto indirecto
Ej.: el recuerda los ejercicios que hicimos = He remembers the exercises that we did
│ │
Objeto directo Objeto directo
el me recuerda los ejercicios que hicimos = He reminds me of the exercises that we did
│ │ │ │
objeto indirecto objeto directo objeto indirecto objeto directo
ella me recuerda a su hermana │ she remembers her sister
- On Christmas days (dias de Navidad) / ON Christmas days (dia de Navidad)
- Noun COUNTABLE, SINGULAR need determinante a/an
Ej.: to a discotheque/ with his family/ with his brother/ with his family
Ej.: to a discotheque/ with his family/ with his brother/ with his family
NGO = No Governmental Organization) = ONG
week (ui:k)= semana tiene el MISMO SONIDO que weak (ui:k)= débil ┼ strong (stron)= fuerte
week (ui:k)= semana tiene el MISMO SONIDO que weak (ui:k)= débil ┼ strong (stron)= fuerte
Planes (lo que crees que vas ha hacer) o Predicciones (lo que prevees que pueda ocurrir)
TO BE + GOING + TO INFINITIVE
aux main verb
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag 130. BE GOING TO
Formas gramaticales de la composición be going to + verb
Afirm: I'm going to / you-we-they ´re going to / he-she-it ´s going to WORK FOR AN NGO
Negat: I'm not going to / you-we-they aren't going to / hs-she-it isn't going to WORK FOR ...
Interr: Are you going to / Is he going to. Resp. Afirm. Yes, I am / Yes, he is / Yes, you are
Resp. Negat. No, I'm not / No, he isn't / No you aren't
- Usamos be going to+infinitive para hablar de planes futuros o intenciones futuras
Ej.: I'm going to go to Scotland
hacer predicciones cuando preveemos o creemos saber algo
Ej: Tomorrow is going to rain
It´s going to crash
TO BE + GOING + TO INFINITIVE
aux main verb
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag 130. BE GOING TO
Formas gramaticales de la composición be going to + verb
Afirm: I'm going to / you-we-they ´re going to / he-she-it ´s going to WORK FOR AN NGO
Negat: I'm not going to / you-we-they aren't going to / hs-she-it isn't going to WORK FOR ...
Interr: Are you going to / Is he going to. Resp. Afirm. Yes, I am / Yes, he is / Yes, you are
Resp. Negat. No, I'm not / No, he isn't / No you aren't
- Usamos be going to+infinitive para hablar de planes futuros o intenciones futuras
Ej.: I'm going to go to Scotland
hacer predicciones cuando preveemos o creemos saber algo
Ej: Tomorrow is going to rain
It´s going to crash
Cuando el sujeto es el mismo que el que realiza la acción del segundo verbo (to be),
se introduce el object pronoun después del verbo principal
Ej.: I don't want him to be happy -- Negative I want him to be happy -- Positive
│ │
Object pronoun Object pronoun
I want them to past the test = I want that my students to past the test
│ (quiero que mis alumnos pasen el examen)
Object pronoun
I want (Object pronoun) + to verb. NUNCA I want (Object pronoun)THAT + to verb
- Pronombres posesivos
Mine, yours, hers, his, its, yours, theirs
Ej.: She´s a friend of mine= ella es amiga mia /They're friends of yours=Ellos son amigos tuyos
│ │
possesive pronoun possesive pronoun
- (behind detrás de) # in front of (delante de)
Ej.: Iñaki is sitting in front of Begoña / Carlos is sitting opposite of Begoña /
Begoña is sitting behind of Iñaki
- Los ADJETIVOS se transforman en ADVERBIO añadiendo la terminación -ly al final
Ej.: loud (alto, ruidoso) # quiet (silencio, tranquilo, callado) ADJETIVOS
loudly (más alto, altísimo) # quietly (más bajo, silenciosamente, tranquilamente)ADVERBIOS
I speak English badly
- Los secretos siempre se asocian al verbo TELL, NUNCASAY
to TELL somebody │ a secret
SAY │ the truth
│ a lie
Ej.: My daughter tells me a secret # My daughterSAYS me a secret
- ¡Qué sorpresa!=What a surprise!surprise--countable singular siempre con determinante a, an
- to be right # to be wrong perhasps they are right = Quizás ellos │ tengan │ razón
│ │ │ tienen │
tener estar
right and wrong son ADJETIVOS
- Shall and Must Auxiliar Modal. NUNCA FUTURO
shall indica petición, requerir u ofrecerse a realizar alguna acción verbal.
Habitualmente aparece en frases interrogativas.
Ej.: What shall I say to her? = Que le digo a ella? / What do I say? = Qué digo?
│ │
modal auxiliary present simple
must indica obligación, deber de realizar alguna acción, va seguido de infinitivo sinTO
Ej.: She must come
│
Modal aux
se introduce el object pronoun después del verbo principal
Ej.: I don't want him to be happy -- Negative I want him to be happy -- Positive
│ │
Object pronoun Object pronoun
I want them to past the test = I want that my students to past the test
│ (quiero que mis alumnos pasen el examen)
Object pronoun
I want (Object pronoun) + to verb. NUNCA I want (Object pronoun)
- Pronombres posesivos
Mine, yours, hers, his, its, yours, theirs
Ej.: She´s a friend of mine= ella es amiga mia /They're friends of yours=Ellos son amigos tuyos
│ │
possesive pronoun possesive pronoun
- (behind detrás de) # in front of (delante de)
Ej.: Iñaki is sitting in front of Begoña / Carlos is sitting opposite of Begoña /
Begoña is sitting behind of Iñaki
- Los ADJETIVOS se transforman en ADVERBIO añadiendo la terminación -ly al final
Ej.: loud (alto, ruidoso) # quiet (silencio, tranquilo, callado) ADJETIVOS
loudly (más alto, altísimo) # quietly (más bajo, silenciosamente, tranquilamente)ADVERBIOS
I speak English badly
- Los secretos siempre se asocian al verbo TELL, NUNCA
to TELL somebody │ a secret
│ a lie
Ej.: My daughter tells me a secret # My daughter
- ¡Qué sorpresa!=What a surprise!surprise--countable singular siempre con determinante a, an
- to be right # to be wrong perhasps they are right = Quizás ellos │ tengan │ razón
│ │ │ tienen │
tener estar
right and wrong son ADJETIVOS
- Shall and Must Auxiliar Modal. NUNCA FUTURO
shall indica petición, requerir u ofrecerse a realizar alguna acción verbal.
Habitualmente aparece en frases interrogativas.
Ej.: What shall I say to her? = Que le digo a ella? / What do I say? = Qué digo?
│ │
modal auxiliary present simple
must indica obligación, deber de realizar alguna acción, va seguido de infinitivo sin
Ej.: She must come
│
Modal aux
- News = noticia. Uncountable, singular
Ej: This is bad news for you = es una mala noticia │ para ti
esto son malas noticias│ para ti
para referirse a una única noticia
a piece of news --- Countable, singular, expression
Ej: This is bad news for you = es una mala noticia │ para ti
esto son malas noticias│ para ti
para referirse a una única noticia
a piece of news --- Countable, singular, expression
* SEASONS
Spring (sprin)= March, April, May, June
Summer (samer)= June, July, August, September
Autumn (o;tom) - Fall (fo:l)= September, October, November, December
Winter (uinter)= December, January, February, March
* DATES
6th January = January 6th = the six of January = January the sixth
SIEMPRE la fecha es número ordinal
Ej.: I was born on 6th of April / I was born on 24th of November
* NUMBERS
Cardinal Ordinal Cardinal Ordinal
one first twelve twelfth
two second thirteen thirteenth
three third fifteen fifteenth
four fourth twenty twentieth
five fifth thirty thirtieth
nine ninth forty fortieth
ten tenth fifty fiftieth
- teenage are from thirteen year until nineteen year
- en las cifras compuestas el ordinal recae en la última cifra
Ej.: 37th class = thirty seventh class
31th December = thirty first of December
22/6 = twenty second of June = twenty second of sixth
- En USA la fecha se forma al reves, primero el mes y luego el dia
Ej.: 6/3 = thrird of June
Spring (sprin)= March, April, May, June
Summer (samer)= June, July, August, September
Autumn (o;tom) - Fall (fo:l)= September, October, November, December
Winter (uinter)= December, January, February, March
* DATES
6th January = January 6th = the six of January = January the sixth
SIEMPRE la fecha es número ordinal
Ej.: I was born on 6th of April / I was born on 24th of November
* NUMBERS
Cardinal Ordinal Cardinal Ordinal
one first twelve twelfth
two second thirteen thirteenth
three third fifteen fifteenth
four fourth twenty twentieth
five fifth thirty thirtieth
nine ninth forty fortieth
ten tenth fifty fiftieth
- teenage are from thirteen year until nineteen year
- en las cifras compuestas el ordinal recae en la última cifra
Ej.: 37th class = thirty seventh class
31th December = thirty first of December
22/6 = twenty second of June = twenty second of sixth
- En USA la fecha se forma al reves, primero el mes y luego el dia
Ej.: 6/3 = thrird of June
- Would = want
Would dicho de una forma educada (me gustaría, quisiera)
Want es una forma exigente de pedir algo.
Would dicho de una forma educada (me gustaría, quisiera)
Want es una forma exigente de pedir algo.
- Los canales de comunicación siempre BY e-mail, BY text, BY computer.
Utilizamos AT cuando hacemos referencia a pueblos pequeños, aeropuerto, edificios,
estaciones,hotel junto con el verbo arrive.
Ej: I arrive at the hotel / You arrive at the bus station / I arrive at the Guggenheim Museum.
Utilizamos IN cuando hacemos referencia a grandes ciudades, paises, continentes,
junto con el verbo arrive
Ej.: I arrive in London / I arrive in Spain / I arrive in America
- Relación de verbos y preposiciones:
Arrive IN/ AT write TO waiting FOR worry ABOUT
depend ON fell IN agree WITH love WITH
ask FOR think ABOUT pay FOR invite TO
speak TO spend ON
estaciones,hotel junto con el verbo arrive.
Ej: I arrive at the hotel / You arrive at the bus station / I arrive at the Guggenheim Museum.
Utilizamos IN cuando hacemos referencia a grandes ciudades, paises, continentes,
junto con el verbo arrive
Ej.: I arrive in London / I arrive in Spain / I arrive in America
- Relación de verbos y preposiciones:
Arrive IN/ AT write TO waiting FOR worry ABOUT
depend ON fell IN agree WITH love WITH
ask FOR think ABOUT pay FOR invite TO
speak TO spend ON
- PS = post scrip = posdata
Looking forward to hearing from you = Esperando tus noticias, saber de ti
(fórmula de despedida)
- so that= para qué
- have to= indica obligación
- to stay (verb) / stay (noun)
- anything siempre se utiliza en frases negativas o interrogativas
something solo en frases afirmativas, positivas
- I would = I'd = contracción. Ej.: I'd love to = I would love to = me gustaria, me encantaria
Looking forward to hearing from you = Esperando tus noticias, saber de ti
(fórmula de despedida)
- so that= para qué
- have to= indica obligación
- to stay (verb) / stay (noun)
- anything siempre se utiliza en frases negativas o interrogativas
something solo en frases afirmativas, positivas
- I would = I'd = contracción. Ej.: I'd love to = I would love to = me gustaria, me encantaria
defining relative clauses with who, which, where
- Usamos la preposición relativa para decir
que persona, cosa o sitio es el objeto de la oración
Ej. He's who makes food / this bus which go to airport/ the shop where I always buy
- Usamos Who para personas, WHICH para cosas, WHERE para lugares.
- THAT puede ser usado en lugar de WHO o WHICH. NUNCA por WHERE
Ej: She's the girl WHO works with my brother / It's a thing WHICH connects two computers
THAT THAT
- Who and Which can be:
a)subject of the part of the sentence that follows them if they are inmediately followed by a verb
Ej.: A nurse is somebody, who works in a hospital
subj verb
A mobile phone is gadget which is very useful
subject verb
b) Object of the verb that appears in the part of the sentence that follows them if they are not
inmediately followed by a verb.
Ej.: Mary is the nurse who I saw yesterday
subj verb
the mobile phone which my brother bought is very good
subject verb
c) Where can never be the subject, so it's never inmediately followed by a verb
Ej.: that's the hospital where that nurse works / that's the hospital which is very old
- Usamos la preposición relativa para decir
que persona, cosa o sitio es el objeto de la oración
Ej. He's who makes food / this bus which go to airport/ the shop where I always buy
- Usamos Who para personas, WHICH para cosas, WHERE para lugares.
- THAT puede ser usado en lugar de WHO o WHICH. NUNCA por WHERE
Ej: She's the girl WHO works with my brother / It's a thing WHICH connects two computers
THAT THAT
- Who and Which can be:
a)subject of the part of the sentence that follows them if they are inmediately followed by a verb
Ej.: A nurse is somebody, who works in a hospital
subj verb
A mobile phone is gadget which is very useful
subject verb
b) Object of the verb that appears in the part of the sentence that follows them if they are not
inmediately followed by a verb.
Ej.: Mary is the nurse who I saw yesterday
subj verb
the mobile phone which my brother bought is very good
subject verb
c) Where can never be the subject, so it's never inmediately followed by a verb
Ej.: that's the hospital where that nurse works / that's the hospital which is very old
- Different ways of creating new words in England:
- by combining two worlds. Ej,: emotion - icono EMOTICON
- by changing the category of a world: - noun into verb Ej.: TO TEXT
- changing its meaning. Ej. TWEET
- by adopting words from the other languages. Ej. LATTE
- by using brands of names on companies. Ej.: IPOD, GOOGLE
- new words to decribe new technology. Ej.: WIFI, RINGTONE, SMARTPHONE
- by combining two worlds. Ej,: emotion - icono EMOTICON
- by changing the category of a world: - noun into verb Ej.: TO TEXT
- changing its meaning. Ej. TWEET
- by adopting words from the other languages. Ej. LATTE
- by using brands of names on companies. Ej.: IPOD, GOOGLE
- new words to decribe new technology. Ej.: WIFI, RINGTONE, SMARTPHONE
- dead (adjetive) - Ej.: the dead body was on the bed
to die (verb)= die / (past) died / (past) died. - Ej He died on 1985
death (noun) - Ej.: The death of JFK was a shock
- the truth (noun). Ej: He said the truth / the truth # a lie Ej: You don't tell me a lie
true (adjetive). Ej. It's true love / the true # false Ej: Your answer is false
to die (verb)= die / (past) died / (past) died. - Ej He died on 1985
death (noun) - Ej.: The death of JFK was a shock
- the truth (noun). Ej: He said the truth / the truth # a lie Ej: You don't tell me a lie
true (adjetive). Ej. It's true love / the true # false Ej: Your answer is false
something / - one / - body │
anything / - one / - body │ else (es lo mismo)
everything / - one / - body │
- kind of potatoes: (GB) chips = (US) -french- fries
(GB) crips = (US) chips (lays, pringles)
- king of steak (how it's cooking) = rare - poco hecha
medium - al punto
well done - muy hecha
- I'd like a (tuna, steak) = I would like a (tuna, steak)
I'll have (I shall have) ---- Request
I'd like │ forma educada de pedir algo = I want ( sería exigir algo)
I would like │
shall = indica requerimiento u ofrecimiento. Ej. I shall open the door for you -- offer
- still water = agua natural sin gas
still │(adj) │ that doesn't more
│ │ (about wine or water) that doesn't have bubbles
│
│(adv) I still loving you
- Holly & Rob make friends = Holly & Rob se hacen amigos
Holly make friends with Rob = Holly se hace amiga de Rob
Hacerse amigo de alguien - siempre la palabra friends en plural
- How old are you? = What's your age? = Cuántos años tienes? = Cual es tu edad?
anything / - one / - body │ else (es lo mismo)
everything / - one / - body │
- kind of potatoes: (GB) chips = (US) -french- fries
(GB) crips = (US) chips (lays, pringles)
- king of steak (how it's cooking) = rare - poco hecha
medium - al punto
well done - muy hecha
- I'd like a (tuna, steak) = I would like a (tuna, steak)
I'll have (I shall have) ---- Request
I'd like │ forma educada de pedir algo = I want ( sería exigir algo)
I would like │
shall = indica requerimiento u ofrecimiento. Ej. I shall open the door for you -- offer
- still water = agua natural sin gas
still │(adj) │ that doesn't more
│ │ (about wine or water) that doesn't have bubbles
│
│(adv) I still loving you
- Holly & Rob make friends = Holly & Rob se hacen amigos
Holly make friends with Rob = Holly se hace amiga de Rob
Hacerse amigo de alguien - siempre la palabra friends en plural
- How old are you? = What's your age? = Cuántos años tienes? = Cual es tu edad?
- homework/ housework NUNCA homeworks / housewor (uncountable)
- to vacuum (tzu vaekium)= aspirar. Ej.: to vacuum the │carpet
│ floor
- to do the dusting (tzu du de dasting)= limpiar el polvo
- to vacuum (tzu vaekium)= aspirar. Ej.: to vacuum the │carpet
│ floor
- to do the dusting (tzu du de dasting)= limpiar el polvo
- a jumper │ jersey / cardigan = jersey with buttons (jersey con botones)
sweater │
pullover │
- lend # borrow / prestar # pedir prestado / lender= prestador # borrower = prestatario
- crumbs= migas de pan. Ej.: the some is dropping crumbs
- napkin= servilleta. Ej.: He needs a napkin
- wardrobe= guardarropa / couch= sofa
- already= "ya" en frases afirmativas
yet = │ "ya" en frases interrogativas
│ "todavia" en frases negativas
just = en frases afirmativas y negativas añade un matiz de inmediatez
a la acción al verbo que precede.
Ej.: I just clean the floor = Yo acabo de limpiar el suelo
I have not just arrived = yo no acabo de llegar
- YET, JUST, ALREADY
A menudo usamos las expresiones yet, just and already con el present perfect
1- Usamos yet en frases interrogativas y negativas para preguntar is algo ha ocurrido
o para decir si no ha ocurrido. Colocamos yet siempre al final de la frase.
Ej: Have you done your homework yet?. I haven't finished yet.
2- Usamos just en frases afirmativas para decir que algo ha ocurrido muy recientemente.
Colocamos just siempre antes del verbo principal.
Ej.: My sister's just started a new job
3- Usamos already en frases afirmativas para algo que ha ocurrido antes del momento
del que se habla o más pronto de lo esperado.
Colocamos already siempre antes del verbo principal.
Ej.: I've already seen it three times
A menudo usamos las expresiones yet, just and already con el present perfect
1- Usamos yet en frases interrogativas y negativas para preguntar is algo ha ocurrido
o para decir si no ha ocurrido. Colocamos yet siempre al final de la frase.
Ej: Have you done your homework yet?. I haven't finished yet.
2- Usamos just en frases afirmativas para decir que algo ha ocurrido muy recientemente.
Colocamos just siempre antes del verbo principal.
Ej.: My sister's just started a new job
3- Usamos already en frases afirmativas para algo que ha ocurrido antes del momento
del que se habla o más pronto de lo esperado.
Colocamos already siempre antes del verbo principal.
Ej.: I've already seen it three times
to LAY (present) - LAID (past simple) - LAID (past participle)
SET (present) - SET (past simple) - SET (past participle)
lay= posar, poner con cuidado.
Ej.: He has laid the table = He has set the table.
SET (present) - SET (past simple) - SET (past participle)
lay= posar, poner con cuidado.
Ej.: He has laid the table = He has set the table.
asleep (adj) = dormido / to sleep (verb)= dormir
awake (adj)= despierto / to wake up (verb)= despertarse
wake up # sleep / awake # asleep
awake (adj)= despierto / to wake up (verb)= despertarse
wake up # sleep / awake # asleep
- Diferencia entre listen = escuchar (IMPLICA ATENCION) I listen to radio
hear = oir (NO IMPLICA ATENCION) I hear a noise when I'm walking
hear = oir (NO IMPLICA ATENCION) I hear a noise when I'm walking
- Make or Do: Cuando no se sabe lo que se ha hecho, si es físico o no siempre DO
- Diferencias de EXERCISES = ejercicios académicos o tareas.
EXERCICE = ejercicio físico, gimnástico, deportivo
- Diferencias de EXERCISES = ejercicios académicos o tareas.
EXERCICE = ejercicio físico, gimnástico, deportivo
Diferencias con la palabra EVERY: Siempre es singular el noun que le sigue
every + (noun singular) = every day
every week
every month
every year
EXCEPTO cuando se define el número de veces del (noun)
every + number + (noun plural) = every 3 days
every 2 weeks
every 5 months
every 2 years
every + (noun singular) = every day
every week
every month
every year
EXCEPTO cuando se define el número de veces del (noun)
every + number + (noun plural) = every 3 days
every 2 weeks
every 5 months
every 2 years
- like + verb -ing SIEMPRE el siguiente verbo terminado en -ING
Ej. I like doing the washing
Ej. I like doing the washing
to call │
│emergency number = llamar al número de emergencia
to dial │
to push │
│the alarm button= pulsar, apretar el botos de alarma
to press │
│ up │
walk│ │ the stairs = subir, bajar por las escaleras
│down │
fit (adj) = in good physical condition / fittness (noun) = good health physical condition
│emergency number = llamar al número de emergencia
to dial │
to push │
│the alarm button= pulsar, apretar el botos de alarma
to press │
│ up │
walk│ │ the stairs = subir, bajar por las escaleras
│down │
fit (adj) = in good physical condition / fittness (noun) = good health physical condition
- ANNOTATIONS
Affirmative -------- SOMETHING-- │ │- UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
│ + │ He has some money
Negative------- │ │ │ Does he any money?
│--- ANYTHING - │ │ He doesn't have any money
Interrogative--│ │
│ - COUNTABLE PLURAL NOUNS
│ He has some books
│ Does he have any books?
│ He doesn't have any books.
somebody = someone
some--- frases afirmativas / any ---- frases negativas e interrogativas
Affirmative -------- SOMETHING-- │ │- UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
│ + │ He has some money
Negative------- │ │ │ Does he any money?
│--- ANYTHING - │ │ He doesn't have any money
Interrogative--│ │
│ - COUNTABLE PLURAL NOUNS
│ He has some books
│ Does he have any books?
│ He doesn't have any books.
somebody = someone
some--- frases afirmativas / any ---- frases negativas e interrogativas
- Utilizamos: somebody │ │
someone │ │- WHO
something │ cuando no decimos exactamente │- WHAT
somewhere │ │- WHERE
- Utilizamos: anybody │ │- INTERROGATIVAS
anyone │ en frases │
anything │ │- NEGATIVAS
anywhere │
- Utilizamos nobody │ │- CORTAS
no one=noone │ en frases │
nothing │ │- CON EL VERBO EN AFIRMATIVO
nowhere │ │ PARA DARLE
│ UN SENTIDO NEGATIVO A LA FRASE
- no one = noone = no-one
- Una frase con VERBO NEGATIVO no puede tener dos NEGATIVOS en la misma frase
- Una frase NUNCA puede COMENZAR por any.., EMPEZARIA SIEMPRE con NO..
│- INTERROGATIVO = ALGUIEN Ej. Did anybody phone?
- ANY..... │
│ - NEGATIVO = NADIE Ej.:There isn't anything in the fridge
- Para referirnos a:
│SOMEBODY/ SOMEONE - AFFIRMATIVE
- PEOPLE │ANYBODY / ANYONE - NEGATIVE or INTERROGATIVE
│NOBODY / NO ONE - NEGATIVE ANSWER
│SOMETHING - AFFIRMATIVE
- THINGS │ANYTHING - NEGATIVE or INTERROGATIVE
│NOTHING - NEGATIVE ANSWER
│SOMEWHERE - AFFIRMATIVE
- THINGS │ANYWHERE - NEGATIVE or INTERROGATIVE
│NOWHERE - NEGATIVE ANSWER
someone │ │- WHO
something │ cuando no decimos exactamente │- WHAT
somewhere │ │- WHERE
- Utilizamos: anybody │ │- INTERROGATIVAS
anyone │ en frases │
anything │ │- NEGATIVAS
anywhere │
- Utilizamos nobody │ │- CORTAS
no one=noone │ en frases │
nothing │ │- CON EL VERBO EN AFIRMATIVO
nowhere │ │ PARA DARLE
│ UN SENTIDO NEGATIVO A LA FRASE
- no one = noone = no-one
- Una frase con VERBO NEGATIVO no puede tener dos NEGATIVOS en la misma frase
- Una frase NUNCA puede COMENZAR por any.., EMPEZARIA SIEMPRE con NO..
│- INTERROGATIVO = ALGUIEN Ej. Did anybody phone?
- ANY..... │
│ - NEGATIVO = NADIE Ej.:There isn't anything in the fridge
- Para referirnos a:
│SOMEBODY/ SOMEONE - AFFIRMATIVE
- PEOPLE │ANYBODY / ANYONE - NEGATIVE or INTERROGATIVE
│NOBODY / NO ONE - NEGATIVE ANSWER
│SOMETHING - AFFIRMATIVE
- THINGS │ANYTHING - NEGATIVE or INTERROGATIVE
│NOTHING - NEGATIVE ANSWER
│SOMEWHERE - AFFIRMATIVE
- THINGS │ANYWHERE - NEGATIVE or INTERROGATIVE
│NOWHERE - NEGATIVE ANSWER
- Nothing │
Nowhere │+ verbo principal en afirmativo , la frase se convierte en NEGATIVA
Nobody │
Ej.: I nothing did do yesterday! # I didn't yesterday it!
- anything/ anywhere/ anybody SIEMPRE el verbo en NEGATIVO
Ej.: I don't bought anything at the supermaket
Nowhere │+ verbo principal en afirmativo , la frase se convierte en NEGATIVA
Nobody │
Ej.: I nothing did do yesterday! # I didn't yesterday it!
- anything/ anywhere/ anybody SIEMPRE el verbo en NEGATIVO
Ej.: I don't bought anything at the supermaket
- truth (noun) = verdad / true (adj)= verdadero
CORRECT to tell the truth / INCORRECT tosay the true
noun Adj
- Adjetives ending in --ed say the person/object that they refer to
Ej. John is very interested in technology experiencies that emotion/feeling
My son is very excited about going to Paris
- Adjetives ending in --ing say that the person/object that refer to causes that feeling/emotion
Ej.: This book is very interesting / The films is very boring
I hope my classes are not boring / I hope my students are not bored
CORRECT to tell the truth / INCORRECT to
noun Adj
- Adjetives ending in --ed say the person/object that they refer to
Ej. John is very interested in technology experiencies that emotion/feeling
My son is very excited about going to Paris
- Adjetives ending in --ing say that the person/object that refer to causes that feeling/emotion
Ej.: This book is very interesting / The films is very boring
I hope my classes are not boring / I hope my students are not bored
- to mind (verb)= importar. SIEMPRE en frases interrogativas y negativas
NUNCA en frases negativas
Ej.: I don't mind doing the ironing
- I did some shopping = bought something
- Pizza Domino's se refiere al tipo de pizza, para decir vamos a Pizza Dominos
la frase es = We are going to have at Domino's pizza bar
NUNCA en frases negativas
Ej.: I don't mind doing the ironing
- I did some shopping = bought something
- Pizza Domino's se refiere al tipo de pizza, para decir vamos a Pizza Dominos
la frase es = We are going to have at Domino's pizza bar
- Compatatives (of adjetives / adverbs)
- Superiority
- ONE- syllabe adjetives ... + er
Ej.: │ is │
my brother│ │ faster than │ me
│my│ │ I │am
│ do (Aux)
- THREE or more syllables --- more + (adjetive) + than.... siempre es la misma fórmula
Ej.: My sister is morte betiful than │me
│ I
- Superiority
- ONE- syllabe adjetives ... + er
Ej.: │ is │
my brother│ │ faster than │ me
│my│ │ I │am
│ do (Aux)
- THREE or more syllables --- more + (adjetive) + than.... siempre es la misma fórmula
Ej.: My sister is morte betiful than │me
│ I
* COMPARATIVES
- Para formar el comparativo utilizamos el pronombre sujeto
THAN + Pronombre sujeto (me, you, him, her, us you, them) al final
Ej: I'm tall but my sisters are taller that │me
│I am (I am al final de la frase NO SE CONTRAE)
John is nice but Peter is nice that │him
│ he is
- COMPARATIVES TWO SYLLABLES
Siempre es como los de tres sílabas EXCEPTO cuando terminan en -Y,
que se convierte la terminación -Y en -IER
Adjetives: happy - happi + er = happier / easy - easi + er = easier
Ej.: Children are happier than adults / English grammar is easier than French Grammar
Adverbs: slowly - slowy + more = more slowly
Ej: a bike runs more slowly than a plane
- COMPARATIVES SUPERIORITIES (ADJETIVES and ADVERBS)
La mayoria de ellos forman el comparativo como si tuvieran 3 o más sílabas.
Ej: She's more tired than │ him
│ he is
Si la terminación del adjetivo/adverbio es en -Y, la -Y se convierte en "i" y se le añade "ER"
Ej. She's happier than you
- COMPARATIVES INFERIORITY (ADJETIVES and ADVERBS)
Se forma con la palabra "LESS" + (Adj / Adv) + THAN
Ej. I'm less tall than my sisters / Staying in a hostel is less expensive than staying in hotel
- COMPARATIVES EQUALITY (ADJETIVES and ADVERBS)
Se forma con NOT AS + (Adj/Adv) + AS ....
Ej.: I´m not as tall as │my sisters
│ them
│they are
Going camping isn't as expensive as staying in a hotel
Buying "EL MUNDO" is as expensive as buying "EL PAIS".
En este caso el verbo "buying" es equivalente al sustantivo y se añade -ing al final
Buy- buying / Play - playing
- Para formar el comparativo utilizamos el pronombre sujeto
THAN + Pronombre sujeto (me, you, him, her, us you, them) al final
Ej: I'm tall but my sisters are taller that │me
│I am (I am al final de la frase NO SE CONTRAE)
John is nice but Peter is nice that │him
│ he is
- COMPARATIVES TWO SYLLABLES
Siempre es como los de tres sílabas EXCEPTO cuando terminan en -Y,
que se convierte la terminación -Y en -IER
Adjetives: happy - happi + er = happier / easy - easi + er = easier
Ej.: Children are happier than adults / English grammar is easier than French Grammar
Adverbs: slowly - slowy + more = more slowly
Ej: a bike runs more slowly than a plane
- COMPARATIVES SUPERIORITIES (ADJETIVES and ADVERBS)
La mayoria de ellos forman el comparativo como si tuvieran 3 o más sílabas.
Ej: She's more tired than │ him
│ he is
Si la terminación del adjetivo/adverbio es en -Y, la -Y se convierte en "i" y se le añade "ER"
Ej. She's happier than you
- COMPARATIVES INFERIORITY (ADJETIVES and ADVERBS)
Se forma con la palabra "LESS" + (Adj / Adv) + THAN
Ej. I'm less tall than my sisters / Staying in a hostel is less expensive than staying in hotel
- COMPARATIVES EQUALITY (ADJETIVES and ADVERBS)
Se forma con NOT AS + (Adj/Adv) + AS ....
Ej.: I´m not as tall as │my sisters
│ them
│they are
Going camping isn't as expensive as staying in a hotel
Buying "EL MUNDO" is as expensive as buying "EL PAIS".
En este caso el verbo "buying" es equivalente al sustantivo y se añade -ing al final
Buy- buying / Play - playing
- Para comparar dos personas, lugares, cosas o acciones utilizamos:
1- Adjetivos comparativos
2- Adverbios compartativos (para referirnos a acciones del verbo)
3- (not) as + adjetive/adverb + as
- Adjetivos comparativos Regulares
1- Una sola sílaba se añade la terminación -er. Ej. short - shorter
2- Una sola vocal + una sola consonante, se añade una doble consonante al final + - er
Ej.: big - bigger
3- Consonante y terminación en -Y, se le anula Y y se añade + -ier
Ej: easy - easier / busy - busier
4- Con dos o más sílabas se le convierte en more + adjetive
Ej: relaxed - more relaxed / expensive - more expensive /
- Adjetivos comparativos Irregulares
Tienen su propia palabra para construirlos
good --- better │ bad --- worse │ far --- further/farther (solo para distancias)
stressed--- more stressed │ tired --- more tired │ bored --- more bored
- Adverbios regulares
Siempre se les añade "more" + Adverbio.
Ej: more quickly / more slowly
- Adverbios irregulares
Tienen su propia palabra
hard --- harder │ well --- better │ badly --- worse
- Los comparativos con pronombres, después de un comparativo + than o as ... as utilizamos
un objeto pronombre (me, you, him, her, our, you, them)
o un pronombre + auxiliar de verbo.
Ej.: My brother's taller than me / My brother's taller than I am
He's not as intelligent as her / He's not as intelligent as she is
1- Adjetivos comparativos
2- Adverbios compartativos (para referirnos a acciones del verbo)
3- (not) as + adjetive/adverb + as
- Adjetivos comparativos Regulares
1- Una sola sílaba se añade la terminación -er. Ej. short - shorter
2- Una sola vocal + una sola consonante, se añade una doble consonante al final + - er
Ej.: big - bigger
3- Consonante y terminación en -Y, se le anula Y y se añade + -ier
Ej: easy - easier / busy - busier
4- Con dos o más sílabas se le convierte en more + adjetive
Ej: relaxed - more relaxed / expensive - more expensive /
- Adjetivos comparativos Irregulares
Tienen su propia palabra para construirlos
good --- better │ bad --- worse │ far --- further/farther (solo para distancias)
stressed--- more stressed │ tired --- more tired │ bored --- more bored
- Adverbios regulares
Siempre se les añade "more" + Adverbio.
Ej: more quickly / more slowly
- Adverbios irregulares
Tienen su propia palabra
hard --- harder │ well --- better │ badly --- worse
- Los comparativos con pronombres, después de un comparativo + than o as ... as utilizamos
un objeto pronombre (me, you, him, her, our, you, them)
o un pronombre + auxiliar de verbo.
Ej.: My brother's taller than me / My brother's taller than I am
He's not as intelligent as her / He's not as intelligent as she is
* SUPERLATIVES
- One syllable adjetives/ adverbs al final se le añade la terminación -est.
al principio SIEMPRE con el articulo the
Ej: My brother is the fastest runner in the school
Adjetivo
My brother is the boy who runs the fastest in the school
Adverbio
- Two syllables adjetives: La mayoria de los casos tiene la misma forma que los de 3 sílabas
Cuando terminan en -y se convierte en i+est = iest
adverbio slowly se forma el superlativo con more = the most slowly
Ej.: He's the happiest person of the group
I'm the most tired person in the class
- Three syllables o more adjetives/adverbs se le forma:
the most + (Adjetive/Adverb) │ in --- sitios
│ of --- cosas, personas
Ej: Mary is the most beatiful woman of the all
Adjetivo
She's singer who sings the most beatifully of all the choir
Adverbio
- TWO SYLLABLE
Adjetives │ Adverbs
happy= happiest │ slowly = the most slowly
Ej. She's the happiest person in this class │ Ej, She works the most slowly
│
Comparativo worse │ farther
│
Superlativo worst │ fartherst
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 38. 5B Superlative cities. 1 Grammar
a) 3- Barcelona (Spain)/ 1- Copenhagen (Denmark)/ 4- Dublin (Ireland)/ 5- Paris (France)/
2- Venice (Italy)
b) 1- Venice is the most romantic city/ 2- Copenhagen is the cleanest city/
3- Paris has the best-dressed people/ 4- Barcelona has the best architecture/
5- Dublin is the friendliest city
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 134. 5B Superlatives
- Utilizamos el adjetivo superlativo para decir cual es lo más grande, etc de un grupo
- Despúes del adjetivo superlativo usamos "in" + el nombre de un sitio
+ palabras en singular que representa a un grupo
Ej: It's the noisiest city in the world / It's the dirtiest city in Europe
- A menudo utilizamos el adjetivo superlativo con el present perfect + ever
Ej: It's the hottest country I've ever been (estado ó ido) to
- Adjetive Comparative Superlative
cold colder the coldest Regular Una Sílaba
hot hotter the hottest Regular Una Silaba
pretty prettier the prettiest Regular Dos Silabas
beatiful more beatiful the most beatiful Regular Tres Sílabas
good better the best IRREGULAR
bad worse the worst IRREGULAR
far further the furthest IRREGULAR
farther the farthest IRREGULAR
- One syllable adjetives/ adverbs al final se le añade la terminación -est.
al principio SIEMPRE con el articulo the
Ej: My brother is the fastest runner in the school
Adjetivo
My brother is the boy who runs the fastest in the school
Adverbio
- Two syllables adjetives: La mayoria de los casos tiene la misma forma que los de 3 sílabas
Cuando terminan en -y se convierte en i+est = iest
adverbio slowly se forma el superlativo con more = the most slowly
Ej.: He's the happiest person of the group
I'm the most tired person in the class
- Three syllables o more adjetives/adverbs se le forma:
the most + (Adjetive/Adverb) │ in --- sitios
│ of --- cosas, personas
Ej: Mary is the most beatiful woman of the all
Adjetivo
She's singer who sings the most beatifully of all the choir
Adverbio
- TWO SYLLABLE
Adjetives │ Adverbs
happy= happiest │ slowly = the most slowly
Ej. She's the happiest person in this class │ Ej, She works the most slowly
│
Comparativo worse │ farther
│
Superlativo worst │ fartherst
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 38. 5B Superlative cities. 1 Grammar
a) 3- Barcelona (Spain)/ 1- Copenhagen (Denmark)/ 4- Dublin (Ireland)/ 5- Paris (France)/
2- Venice (Italy)
b) 1- Venice is the most romantic city/ 2- Copenhagen is the cleanest city/
3- Paris has the best-dressed people/ 4- Barcelona has the best architecture/
5- Dublin is the friendliest city
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 134. 5B Superlatives
- Utilizamos el adjetivo superlativo para decir cual es lo más grande, etc de un grupo
- Despúes del adjetivo superlativo usamos "in" + el nombre de un sitio
+ palabras en singular que representa a un grupo
Ej: It's the noisiest city in the world / It's the dirtiest city in Europe
- A menudo utilizamos el adjetivo superlativo con el present perfect + ever
Ej: It's the hottest country I've ever been (estado ó ido) to
- Adjetive Comparative Superlative
cold colder the coldest Regular Una Sílaba
hot hotter the hottest Regular Una Silaba
pretty prettier the prettiest Regular Dos Silabas
beatiful more beatiful the most beatiful Regular Tres Sílabas
good better the best IRREGULAR
bad worse the worst IRREGULAR
far further the furthest IRREGULAR
farther the farthest IRREGULAR
- El objeto directo depende del verbo
Ej.: He bought me some flowers / He bought someflowers for me
│ │ │ │
OI OD OD OI
Si ponemos el Objeto Directo antes del Objeto Indirecto debermos poner FOR antes del OI
- Para expresar un decisión inmediata, lo cual no implica futuro utilizamos
WILL + INFINITIVO
Ej.: I'll take it / I'll buy a book / I'll change it
- El present perfect se utiliza para expresar una acción que transcurre
desde un momento pasado hasta el momento actual y que todavia no ha finalizado
Ej: I've studied English for three years / I've taught English since 1980
- FOR se utiliza para expresiones que se refieren a un periodo concreto de tiempo
FOR + expression of time referred to a period
Ej: He's studied English for │ two years
│ a long time
│ a decade
- SINCE + pointing time when the action of the verb started
Nos dice cuando comenzó la acción que realiza el verbo
Past Today Future
Ej: He`s studied English since │ 2014
│he was a child
│2006
- time
2014 -------------- for -------------- Today
since
Ej: I've studied English│ since 2014 (la acción todavia continua)
│ for 3 years
I studied English 3 years ago (la acción ha terminado)
I've been an English teacher since 1980 / I've been an English teacher for 37 years
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 142. 9B Present perfect + for or since
- Usamos el present perfect + For or since cuando hablamos de acciones o hechos
los cuales comenzaron en el pasado pero todavia continuan ahora
Ej.: I've lived in Manchester for twenty years
- NO SE UTILIZA PRESENT SIMPLE para este tipo de frases
Ej.:I live in Manchester for twenty years I've lived in Manchester for twenty yeas
- Usamos HOW LONG...? para hacer preguntas acerca de la duración de una acción o hecho.
Ej.: How long have you lived in Manchester?
- Usamos FOR + a period time para señalar un periodo de tiempo
Ej: for two weeks / for ten years / for a long time / I've had this car for three months
- Usamos SINCE para marcar el comienzo de un periodo de tiempo
Ej: since 1980 / since last June / I've been afraid of spiders since I was a child
Ej.: He bought me some flowers / He bought someflowers for me
│ │ │ │
OI OD OD OI
Si ponemos el Objeto Directo antes del Objeto Indirecto debermos poner FOR antes del OI
- Para expresar un decisión inmediata, lo cual no implica futuro utilizamos
WILL + INFINITIVO
Ej.: I'll take it / I'll buy a book / I'll change it
- El present perfect se utiliza para expresar una acción que transcurre
desde un momento pasado hasta el momento actual y que todavia no ha finalizado
Ej: I've studied English for three years / I've taught English since 1980
- FOR se utiliza para expresiones que se refieren a un periodo concreto de tiempo
FOR + expression of time referred to a period
Ej: He's studied English for │ two years
│ a long time
│ a decade
- SINCE + pointing time when the action of the verb started
Nos dice cuando comenzó la acción que realiza el verbo
Past
Ej: He`s studied English since │ 2014
│he was a child
│2006
- time
2014 -------------- for -------------- Today
since
Ej: I've studied English│ since 2014 (la acción todavia continua)
│ for 3 years
I studied English 3 years ago (la acción ha terminado)
I've been an English teacher since 1980 / I've been an English teacher for 37 years
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 142. 9B Present perfect + for or since
- Usamos el present perfect + For or since cuando hablamos de acciones o hechos
los cuales comenzaron en el pasado pero todavia continuan ahora
Ej.: I've lived in Manchester for twenty years
- NO SE UTILIZA PRESENT SIMPLE para este tipo de frases
Ej.:
- Usamos HOW LONG...? para hacer preguntas acerca de la duración de una acción o hecho.
Ej.: How long have you lived in Manchester?
- Usamos FOR + a period time para señalar un periodo de tiempo
Ej: for two weeks / for ten years / for a long time / I've had this car for three months
- Usamos SINCE para marcar el comienzo de un periodo de tiempo
Ej: since 1980 / since last June / I've been afraid of spiders since I was a child
for over= más de
around │
│ 20 years = 20 years more or less = 20 años más o menos
about │
over X = more than X = más que X
actually = de hecho = in fact
at present = presently = currently = ahora, actualmente
around │
│ 20 years = 20 years more or less = 20 años más o menos
about │
over X = more than X = más que X
actually = de hecho = in fact
at present = presently = currently = ahora, actualmente
* IMPERATIVES - Invitation to do something together
- Imperativo de la primera persona del plural (us)
Let's +to infinitive = Let us (1st person plural, object personal pronoum)
Se utiliza para invitar a alguien ha realizar la acción del verbo
conjuntamente entre el que habla y la persona/s a la que se dirige el hablante
Ej.: Let's read a new novel
- Imperativo de la segunda persona (you)
=to infinitive Ej: Come here solo el verbo en infinitivo sin TO
no subject Ej: Be quiet el verbo no va acompañado de sujeto
forma negativa
DON'T + TO INFINITVE Ej.: don't come here/ don't be silly
IMPORTANTE= es la única vez que se utiliza don't como auxiliar del verbo TO BE
* CONIDITIONAL SENTENCES
La oración se compone de dos partes, separadas por una coma.
Y una de las dos frases que la componen tiene que tener IF
Ej: If all students pass their exam in June, I'll open a bottle of champagne
A B
Hay tres tipos de conditional sentences:
IF+ SUBJECT+PRESENT....│ type 0 Subject + Verb Present
│ type 1 Subject + will + to infinitive
│ type 2 Imperative .... don't have subject (no tiene sujeto)
Ej:
Type 0: If you heat water at 100ºC, it boils / If it rains, you get wet
V V V V
Type 1: If all students pass their exam in June, I'll open a bottle of champagne
Subject +will + to infinitive
Type 2: If you come class late, don't make any noise
imperative... no subject
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 140
8B first conditional: if+present, will/won't
- Usamos if + present para referirnos a una posible situación and will/won't + verb
para hablar acerca de la consecuencia de dicha situación.
Ej: If I miss the last bus, I'll get a taxi
- La frase con IF puede ser la primera o la segunda de la oración.
Si la frase con IF es la primera, podremos una coma "," antes de la siguiente frase
Ej: If you don't go, she won't be very pleased
- Se puede utilizar el imperativo o can+ infinitivo en lugar de will+ infinitivo en la otra frase
Ej: If you miss the last bus, you van get a taxi
- Imperativo de la primera persona del plural (us)
Let's +
Se utiliza para invitar a alguien ha realizar la acción del verbo
conjuntamente entre el que habla y la persona/s a la que se dirige el hablante
Ej.: Let's read a new novel
- Imperativo de la segunda persona (you)
=
no subject Ej: Be quiet el verbo no va acompañado de sujeto
forma negativa
DON'T +
IMPORTANTE= es la única vez que se utiliza don't como auxiliar del verbo TO BE
* CONIDITIONAL SENTENCES
La oración se compone de dos partes, separadas por una coma.
Y una de las dos frases que la componen tiene que tener IF
Ej: If all students pass their exam in June, I'll open a bottle of champagne
A B
Hay tres tipos de conditional sentences:
IF+ SUBJECT+PRESENT....│ type 0 Subject + Verb Present
│ type 1 Subject + will + to infinitive
│ type 2 Imperative .... don't have subject (no tiene sujeto)
Ej:
Type 0: If you heat water at 100ºC, it boils / If it rains, you get wet
V V V V
Type 1: If all students pass their exam in June, I'll open a bottle of champagne
Subject +will + to infinitive
Type 2: If you come class late, don't make any noise
imperative... no subject
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 140
8B first conditional: if+present, will/won't
- Usamos if + present para referirnos a una posible situación and will/won't + verb
para hablar acerca de la consecuencia de dicha situación.
Ej: If I miss the last bus, I'll get a taxi
- La frase con IF puede ser la primera o la segunda de la oración.
Si la frase con IF es la primera, podremos una coma "," antes de la siguiente frase
Ej: If you don't go, she won't be very pleased
- Se puede utilizar el imperativo o can+ infinitivo en lugar de will+ infinitivo en la otra frase
Ej: If you miss the last bus, you van get a taxi
- To borrow / To lend
a) Can I borrow your pencil? (I need one) / Puede cogerte tu lápiz?
b) Can you lend me your pencil? (I need one) / Puedes dejarme tu lápiz?
- To say / To tell
a) say + OD Ej.: He said that he wasn't feeling well
OD
b) say to + OD + OI Ej.: He said to me that he wasn't feeling well
OI OD
Tell + IO (normally) = Tell +to +IO. Ej. He told me that he wasn't feeling well
IO DO
Tell + noun Phrase verb. Ej. He told the truth to the police
- SIEMPRE TELL +TO / SAY + TO
* COLLOCATIONS
- To miss / To lose
- to miss: perder algo que ya no puedes volver a recuperar, definitivamente
to lose : perder algo que no encuentras cuando no sabes donde está
TO LOSE # TO FIND. He loses him keys every day
TO LOSE # TO WIN. He loses all his matches
- To wast / To spent
- to wast: malgastar, desperdicia. I wasted 5 € in tabacco, but I don't smoke.
- to spent: gastar, pasar. I spent 10€ in some meat because I have a dinner this night
- To bring / To take
- to bring: llevar, traer. They brought me some flowers
- to take: coger, llevar algo para alguien. They took some flowers from the vase
a) Can I borrow your pencil? (I need one) / Puede cogerte tu lápiz?
b) Can you lend me your pencil? (I need one) / Puedes dejarme tu lápiz?
- To say / To tell
a) say + OD Ej.: He said that he wasn't feeling well
OD
b) say to + OD + OI Ej.: He said to me that he wasn't feeling well
OI OD
Tell + IO (normally) = Tell +
IO DO
Tell + noun Phrase verb. Ej. He told the truth to the police
- SIEMPRE TELL +
* COLLOCATIONS
- To miss / To lose
- to miss: perder algo que ya no puedes volver a recuperar, definitivamente
to lose : perder algo que no encuentras cuando no sabes donde está
TO LOSE # TO FIND. He loses him keys every day
TO LOSE # TO WIN. He loses all his matches
- To wast / To spent
- to wast: malgastar, desperdicia. I wasted 5 € in tabacco, but I don't smoke.
- to spent: gastar, pasar. I spent 10€ in some meat because I have a dinner this night
- To bring / To take
- to bring: llevar, traer. They brought me some flowers
- to take: coger, llevar algo para alguien. They took some flowers from the vase
│ Noun Phrase - He´s a plumber
│ - is + │ Adjetive - He's a tall
│ │ - ing - He's having a shower
- " 's" │
│ │past participle - He´s lived in Britain for 6 months
│- has+│
│Noun Phrase -
- Los verbos que van después de preposición siempre terminan en -ing.
- POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
In Spanish In English
They change depending on: They only chande depending on
a- who has something who has something
b- how many things the NOT how many things the possesor has
possessor has (about me book)
a- el mio │ (about onethe mine = one book, 2 books, 3 books...
el tuyo │ book)
yours= one book, 2 books. 3 books...
b- el mio │ (about
los mios │ 2 boooks)
- POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
In Spanish In English
They change depending on: They only chande depending on
a- who has something who has something
b- how many things the NOT how many things the possesor has
possessor has (about me book)
a- el mio │ (about one
el tuyo │ book)
yours= one book, 2 books. 3 books...
b- el mio │ (about
los mios │ 2 boooks)
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 140. 8C POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
- Usamos los pronombres posesivos cuando nos referimos acerca de la posesión de algo.
Ej.: Is it yours? Yes, It's mine
- Usamos WHOSE para preguntar quien es el poseedor
Whose book is it? / Whose is that bag?
- No usamos los pronombres posesivos junto con el sustantivo.
NOTIt's mine book YES It's mine
- No usamos el articulo "the" con los pronombres posesivos
NOTIs this the yours? Yes Is this yours?
Pronombres Pronombres Adjetivos Pronombres
Personales de Objeto Posesivos Posesivos
I can come She loves me This is my seat It's mine
You you your yours
He him his his
She her her hers
It it its its
We us our ours
They them their theirs
- Usamos los pronombres posesivos cuando nos referimos acerca de la posesión de algo.
Ej.: Is it yours? Yes, It's mine
- Usamos WHOSE para preguntar quien es el poseedor
Whose book is it? / Whose is that bag?
- No usamos los pronombres posesivos junto con el sustantivo.
NOT
- No usamos el articulo "the" con los pronombres posesivos
NOT
Pronombres Pronombres Adjetivos Pronombres
Personales de Objeto Posesivos Posesivos
I can come She loves me This is my seat It's mine
You you your yours
He him his his
She her her hers
It it its its
We us our ours
They them their theirs
- really cool - realmente genial
- I took me 10 minutes to do it - Me llevó 10 minutos hacerlo - Me tomó 10 minutos hacerlo
- Who cares about the time? - A quien le importa el tiempo?
- It keeps me busy o the long ride to school - me mantine ocupado en largo viaje a la escuela
- I took me 10 minutes to do it - Me llevó 10 minutos hacerlo - Me tomó 10 minutos hacerlo
- Who cares about the time? - A quien le importa el tiempo?
- It keeps me busy o the long ride to school - me mantine ocupado en largo viaje a la escuela
- El apostrofe al final de la frase se utiliza solo para personas y animales
- Usamos What para preguntar en lugar de Which,
porque Which se utiliza cuando hay una lista de selección . Ej: Which of these ....
- Usamos What para preguntar en lugar de Which,
porque Which se utiliza cuando hay una lista de selección . Ej: Which of these ....
FOR + period of time
SINCE + moment in time
SINCE + moment in time
- ADVICE uncountable noun. an advice, some advice, a piece of advice
- YET siempre con FRASES NEGATIVAS
* STUDENT'S BOOK. Pag. 159. Get
a) get= become (+ adjetive/ past participle)
5- get angry/ 3- get divorced/ 6- get fit/ 4- get lost/ 2- get married/ 1- get nervous
get= become (+ comparative)
7- get better/ 9- get colder/ 8- get worse
get= buy/ obtain
11- get a job/ 12- get a newspaper/ 10- get a ticket
get + preposition (phrasal verbs)
15- get on/ off a bus/ 13- get on (well) with/ 14- get up
get to (arrive)
16- get home/ 18- get to school/ 17- get to work
get= receive
19- get an email/ 21- get a present/ 20- get a (text) message
a) get= become (+ adjetive/ past participle)
5- get angry/ 3- get divorced/ 6- get fit/ 4- get lost/ 2- get married/ 1- get nervous
get= become (+ comparative)
7- get better/ 9- get colder/ 8- get worse
get= buy/ obtain
11- get a job/ 12- get a newspaper/ 10- get a ticket
get + preposition (phrasal verbs)
15- get on/ off a bus/ 13- get on (well) with/ 14- get up
get to (arrive)
16- get home/ 18- get to school/ 17- get to work
get= receive
19- get an email/ 21- get a present/ 20- get a (text) message
